Objective To develop and validate a transgenic mouse model enabling specific and inducible optogenetic activation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs).    Methods A conditional allele for the photosensitive opsin chicken opsin 5(cOpn5) (Rosa26-LSL-cOpn5) was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. These mice were subsequently crossed with NG2-CreERT transgenic mice to produce NG2-CreERT;cOpn5 animals. In this model, tamoxifen administration induces Cre-mediated recombination, leading to specific expression of cOpn5 in NG2-positive OPCs. The specificity and efficiency of cOpn5 expression in OPCs were confirmed by  immunofluorescent staining. Functional validation of light-induced OPC activation was performed by using calcium imaging in acute brain slices after stimulation with 470nm blue light.    Results Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed robust and specific expression of cOpn5 within NG2-positive OPCs in the brains of tamoxifentreated NG2-CreERT;cOpn5 mice. Crucially, calcium imaging of acute brain slices from these mice demonstrated a significant increase in intracellular calcium levels in cOpn5-expressing OPCs upon stimulation with 470nm blue light, indicating successful optogenetic activation.   Conclusion We have successfully generated and validated a novel transgenic mouse model (NG2-CreERT;cOpn5) that permits specific and inducible optogenetic activation of OPCs. This model provides a novel tool for subsequent in vivo studies of the role and regulating mechanisms of OPCs in the central nervous system. 

Objective To investigate the differences of perineuronal net (PNN) and parvalbumin (PV)-positive neuron distribution across specific brain regions between young and aged mice.  Methods Brains from young (45 days) and aged (350 days) mice (n=4 per group) were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, sectioned (50 μm) using a vibratome, and stained with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) and PV immunofluorescence. Quantitative analyses of PNN-positive and PV-positive neurons, along with PNN encapsulation of PV-positive neurons, were performed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), somatosensory cortex barrel field layer 4 (S1BF L4), striatum (STR), and hippocampal CA2 region.    Results Aged mice exhibited no significant changes in PNN-positive or PV-positive neuron counts in ACC, S1BF L4, or STR compared to young mice, but showed significantly increased PNN encapsulation of PV-positive neurons. In hippocampal CA2, PNN-positive neurons increased significantly without PV-positive neuron alterations.    Conclusion The differences in PNN-PV neuron interactions and PNN density exist in specific brain regions of young and aged mice. 

Objective To investigate the expression of myelin transcription factor 1-like (MYT1L) during amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression and its association with neuronal degeneration through bioinformatics analysis combined with in vivo and in vitro experiments.   Methods Bioinformatics analysis of the GSE106803 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database revealed significant down-regulation of MYT1L in spinal cords of ALS transgenic mice carrying the human superoxide dismutase 1 mutant gene (hSOD1G93A) compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. hSOD1G93A transgenic mice and their WT littermates were selected to analyze MYT1L mRNA and protein changes in spinal cord tissues at different disease stages using Real-time PCR and Western blotting. Double immunofluorescent staining was used to determine the distribution and cellular localization of MYT1L in the spinal cord of mice at the middle stage of the disease. An ALS cellular model was established using hSOD1G93A mutant NSC34 cells, with hSOD1WT NSC34 cells as controls. MYT1L expression and distribution were assessed in these cells via Real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. Based on the GSE76220 dataset from the GEO database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MYT1L high -and low-expression groups in lumbar spinal motor neurons of ALS patients were identified, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis. MYT1L overexpression was induced in the ALS cellular model to evaluate alterations in cell viability and neurite outgrowth.   Results In the GSE106803 dataset, MYT1L expression was significantly down-regulated in the spinal cord of ALS mice. Animal experiments confirmed progressive reductions in MYT1L mRNA and protein levels in spinal cord tissues of ALS mice during mid- and late-disease stages. Compared to the WT group, MYT1L expression decreased in motor neurons of the lumbar spinal cord gray matter anterior horn in ALS mice, while it increased in astrocytes. In vitro, hSOD1G93Amutant NSC34 cells exhibited significantly reduced MYT1L expression than controls, with MYT1L localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. DEGs between MYT1L high-and low-expression groups in lumbar spinal cord motor neurons of ALS patients (GSE76220 dataset) were enriched in synaptic-related functions through GO analysis. Overexpression of MYT1L in hSOD1G93A mutant NSC34 cells enhanced cell viability and promoted neurite outgrowth.    Conclusion Aberrantly low expression of MYT1L is closely associated with ALS pathogenesis. Overexpression of MYT1L promotes neurite growth and exerts protective effects on ALS motor neurons, suggesting its therapeutic potential. 

Objective To develop a method  of combining electroencephalogram(EEG) /electromyography (EMG) with multi-regional fiber photometry recording to simultaneously capture the changes of neuronal activity in the whole brain and specific brain regions during epileptic seizures.    Methods The mouse head was divided into left and right regions based on the middle suture of the skull. EEG electrodes (EEG/EMG) were implanted in one side, while optical fibers were implanted in the striatum, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and thalamus on the contralateral side to simultaneously monitor EEG, EMG, and calcium signal dynamics.    Results By combining EEG/EMG with multi-regional fiber photometry recording, differences in neuronal activity across brain regions, alongside EEG and EMG, were observed during different behavioral states. In a kainic acid (KA)-induced epilepsy model, abnormal synchronous neuronal discharges in the mouse brain were accompanied by calcium signal changes in the striatum, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and thalamus, with the earliest changes occurring in the hippocampus.    Conclusion The combined use of EEG/EMG and multi-brain-region fiber photometry is successfully implemented in mice. This method  synchronously recordes abnormal calcium signal changes across multiple brain regions, along with EEG and EMG, in the KA-induced epilepsy model.  

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of rhein（RHE）on ischemic mice and its potential mechanism of reducing inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting Notch/nuclear factor(NF)-κB signaling pathway.

Methods The classical middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method  was used to construct ischemic stroke mouse models. The mice were randomly divided into 5 groups including the sham operation group (sham), the model group (MCAO), the MCAO+edaravone group (Eda), the MCAO+RHE-treated group (RHE), and the MCAO+RHE+Notch activitor Jagged 1 group (RHE+J). Each group has 18 mice. The Bederson scoring system, balance beam walking test and accelerated rotating rod test were used to assess the neurological function and locomotor ability of mice in each group. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin eosin staining, and TUNEL method  were used to assess cerebral infarction, hippocampal morphological damage, and neuronal apoptosis. ELISA was used to analysis the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in hippocampal tissue. Western blotting was used to analysis caspase-3, Notch1, Hes1, and NF-κB p65 protein expression.    Results Compared with the sham group, Bederson score, balance beam score, cerebral infarct volume, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, the proportion of TUNEL-positively stained cells, caspase-3, Notch1, Hes1, and p-NF-κB p65 protein expression were significantly increased in the MCAO group, whereas the latency to fall decreased significantly (P<0.05) . Compared with the MCAO group, Bederson score, balance beam score, cerebral infarct volume, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, proportion of TUNEL-positively stained cells, caspase-3, Notch1, Hes1, and p-NF-κB p65 protein expression were significantly lower in both Eda and RHE groups, whereas the latency to fall increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the RHE group, Bederson score, balance beam score, cerebral infarction volume, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, the proportion of TUNEL-positively stained cells, caspase-3, Notch1, Hes1, and p-NF-κB p65 protein expression increased significantly in the RHE+J group, whereas the latency to fall decreased significantly (P<0.05).   Conclusion Rhein can significantly improve nerve function in ischemic mice by inhibiting Notch/NF-κB signaling pathway activation, suggesting that rhein has potential clinical application value. 

Objective To investigate the potential mechanism of action of polygonatum odoratum in treating Alzheimer’s disease through the utilization of network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.    Methods The methods employed include target screening, Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and molecular docking simulations to assess the binding interactions between the active compounds in polygonatum odoratum (POD) and the key target proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Subsequently, lipopolysaccharide（LPS）was used to induce an inflammatory cell model in BV2 microglial cells. After treating the cell model with POD extract for 24 hours, the cells were collected, and the expression of the target genes were detected by Real-time PCR.    Results Eight active ingredients and 172 targets of POD were screened. The biological processes such as protein phosphorylation and signal transduction, protein binding and ATP binding were obtained by GO functional analysis. KEGG enrichment yielded PI3K/Akt, cAMP and other signaling pathways. The molecular docking result  showed that the active ingredient of POD had well binding activity with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), tumor necrosis factor （TNF）, STAT3. Through Real-time PCR experiments, the gene expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin G/H synthase 2(PTGS2), interleukin (IL) -6, and IL-1β in the LPS-induced inflammatory cell model were significantly upregulated. After treating the inflammatory model with POD extract for 24 hours, the expression of TNF-α was significantly reduced, the expression of STAT3 was upregulated, there were no significant changes in the expressions of SRC and EGFR.    Conclusion Network pharmacology suggests polygonatum odoratum’s potential anti-Alzheimer’s effects may be mediated through its interaction with targets such as EGFR, TNF, SRC, and STAT3. The experimental results  suggest that polygonatum odoratum exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by acting on TNF-α, which may further alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. 

Objective To investigate the spatio-temporal expression of nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 1 (NR0B1) in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to uncover the potential upstream signalling pathway that may regulate NR0B1 expression in human fibroblast-like synovial cells, thereby clarifying the possible factors that induce the disorder of NR0B1 expression in RA.    Methods Patients with 25 RA and 18 osteoarthritis (OA) who did not receive any immunotherapy were recruited to obtain the synovial tissues of knee joint, as well as their related clinical test information, and the expression characteristics of NR0B1 in synovial tissue were investigated using Real-time PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescent staining. Meanwhile, Pearson Chi square test was used to evaluate the correlation between NR0B1 mRNA expression level and clinical parameters in RA patients. Furthermore, the MH7ANR0B1-/- cells that were stably knocked down of endogenous NR0B1 were generated, and the effects of NR0B1 deficiency on the phenotype of rheumatoid synovial cells enhanced by vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were then evaluated by means of cell viability and apoptosis assays, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, and cell invasion assay. Last, we studied the molecular mechanism underlying interleuikin 6(IL-6)-mediated regulation of NR0B1 expression at the transcriptional level by using the STAT3-specific inhibitor intervention, siRNA, and dual luciferase reporter gene detection.   Results The expression level of NR0B1 mRNA in the RA synovial tissues was significantly higher than that in synovial tissues from OA patients (P<0.05). This trend of the increased NR0B1 mRNA expression correlated to clinical parameters, including C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), in RA patients. NR0B1 protein was predominantly immunolocalized in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of RA synovial tissues. Functionally, knockdown of NR0B1 expression markedly neutralize the VEGF-mediated enhancement of cell viability, resistance to apoptosis, clonogenicity, as well as migration and invasion in the MH7A cells. Additionally, IL-6 could specifically regulate NR0B1 expression in the MH7A synovial cells. IL-6 upregulated the transcriptional expression of NR0B1 mainly through induction of the phosphorylation of its downstream STAT3 at the Tyr-705 site.  Conclusion The upregulated NR0B1 expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes is positively correlated with the progression of RA. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 potentiates the transactivation of NR0B1 by inducing the phosphorylation of Tyr-705 site of its downstream effector STAT3. NR0B1 may be a significant breakthrough point for understanding the interaction between IL-6 and VEGF signaling pathways and the progression of RA. 

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which artesunate (ART) attenuates intestinal mucosal barrier damage in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and the synergistic effect of ART in combination with dexamethasone (DXM) in the treatment of aGVHD mice.   Methods The aGVHD mouse model was established by bone marrow haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The mice were divided into 9 groups, including normal mice control (Ctrl), aGVHD mice (aGVHD), normal mice receiving ART ［30 mg/(kg·d)］, aGVHD mice receiving low-dose ART［10 mg/(kg·d)］, aGVHD mice receiving medium-dose ART ［30 mg/(kg·d)］, aGVHD mice receiving high-dose ART ［50 mg/(kg·d)］, aGVHD mice receiving DXM［20 mg/(kg·d)］, aGVHD mice receiving ART［30 mg /(kg·d)］and DXM ［20 mg/(kg·d)］, and aGVHD mice receiving ART ［30 mg /(kg·d)］ and halved-DXM ［10 mg/(kg·d)］. Survival rate and clinical parameters were assessed. HE staining and Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) staining were used to observe the histopathological changes in the intestinal mucosa of the mice; Real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the structure of the intestinal mucosal barrier, the T cell differentiation related transcription factors and cytokines, and the key enzymes of energy metabolism. Flow cytometry was used to detect the T helper cell 17(Th17) and regulatory T cells(Treg).    Results After 30 days of ART treatment, aGVHD mice showed significant relief of systemic symptoms and increase in survival rate. In aGVHD mice treated with ART, the intestinal mucosal barrier structure was restored, and the intestinal mucosal permeability was reduced. The activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR pathway was inhibited, and the energy metabolism pattern of T cells was dominated by fatty acid synthesis. The balance of Th17/Treg was restored due to the decrease of Th17 and the increase of Treg. The effect of ART+DXM treatment on aGVHD mice was comparable to that of DXM treatment alone, and the survival rate of mice was higher. In particular, the recovery of the intestinal mucosal barrier function was most obvious in the mice treated with ART + half-dose DXM.    Conclusion ART reduces the immune injury of allo-T cells to the intestinal mucosal barrier by recovering the Th17/Treg balance, thus maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier function. The synergistic effect of ART and DXM combination treatment in aGVHD mice can reduce the incidence of DXM side effects by decreasing the dosage of DXM. 

 Objective To construct a predictive model for high-grade pathological components of early invasive lung adenocarcinoma(ILAC) based on radiomics.    Methods Collecting information on total 495 patients who underwent radical operation and were pathologically diagnosed as stage Ⅰ in the cardiothoracic surgery of Zhoushan Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019, including gender, age, pathological findings, tumor markers and preoperative chest CT images. The micropapillary and solid components in postoperative pathology were defined as “high-grade pathological components”, while those without high-grade pathological components were classified into the low-grade group and those with high-grade pathological components were classified into the high-grade group. And patients were randomly divided into the training set(343 cases) and the validation set(152 cases) with a ratio of 7∶3 using the simple randomization grouping method. The region of interest of nodules on CT images were delineated layer by layer by scientific research platform and 1950 radiomics features were extracted. And then those features were filtrated by Ftest, Pearson correlation coefficient, and L1 based feature selection. A model was built by using Logistic regression machine learning classifier, named mod 2, and radscore was also obtained. Differences between general information and CT features were analyzed. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to construct a model for statistically significant variables, named mod 1. At the same time, Radscore was added to build the mod and named comb mod. The area under the curve(AUC), sensitivity and specificity of the three models were calculated. A nomogram was also drawn.   Results A total of 495 patients were divided into the training set (n=343) and the validation set (n=152). Gender, carcinoma embryonic antigen(CEA), nodule, and maximum diameter were screened out in clinical features and involved in constructing the mod 1. Twelve features were selected from the radiomics features to build mod 2. Comb mod performed best, training set AUC:0.887, validation set AUC:0.875, and had good clinical practicability.    Conclusion The model composed of general feature, CT feature and radiomics features could accurately predict high-grade pathological components in early ILAC, and provide references for clinicians to choose surgical method  for patients. 

Objective To compare the differences in exosomes derived from testicular tissue between WT (wild type) mice and sdy mice with dysbindin-1 (dystrobrevin binding protein 1) deletion mutations, and identify their protein components to explore the possible role of dysbindin-1 in the formation of exosomes derived from mouse testicular tissue.    Methods The exosomes derived from mouse testicular tissue of WT and sdy mice were isolated by sucrose ultracentrifugation method. The expression of exosomes proteins was analyzed by Western blotting, the morphology of exosomes was observed by negative staining under transmission electron microscope(TEM), the particle size and distribution were analyzed by dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer, and the protein contents of exosomes were detected by mass spectrometry analysis. CD63+ exosomes were obtained by immunoprecipitation with magnetic beads. Krt5 (keratin5) protein was selected for validation.    Results Dysbindin-1 deletion did not affect the morphology and quantity of exosomes, but decreased the expression of CD63, a marker of exosomes. Compared with the WT mice, there were 159 proteins that were highly expressed, 209 proteins that were lowly expressed, and 184 proteins that were specifically expressed in the exosomes derived from sdy mice testicular tissue. In this experiment, CD63+ exosomes from testicular tissue were obtained and 12 proteins were screened. There was indeed an interaction between krt5 protein and dysbindin-1. Interestingly, it was found that the expression of krt5 in the exosomes derived from sdy mice testicular tissue decreased after dysbindin-1 deletion.    Conclusion After dysbindin-1 deletion, the morphology and quantity of exosomes derived from mouse testicular tissue are not affected, but dysbindin-1 may affect the types and content of exosomal proteins, by affecting the transport of exosome proteins through protein interactions. 

Objective To develop the application technology of finger length ratios in the selection of Muay Thai athletes, and to provide practical guidance for improving the competitive level of Muay Thai.    Methods By using the method  of snowball sampling and simple random sampling,413 subjects were selected in Bangkok, Thailand, including 84 male Muay Thai professional players, 62 female Muay Thai professional players, 137 ordinary male college students and 130 female college students. The finger length of the subjects was measured and their finger length ratios was calculated. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for discriminant analysis.    Results The 2D∶3D, 2D∶4D, 2D∶5D,3D∶4D and  3D∶5D of male Muay Thai professional players were significantly lower than that in the general male Thai population, and the 2D∶4D, 3D∶4D and 3D∶5D of female Muay Thai players were significantly lower than that in the general female Thai population, and the above differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Discriminant functions developed using both the full model and stepwise method  were statistically significant, demonstrating high accuracy and stability. The correct discrimination rates were higher in the male population than that in the female population.When distinguishing between Muay Thai professional fighters and the general Thai population, the optimal 2D∶4D threshold for males is 0.951, and for females, it was 0.960.    Conclusion The discriminant model of Muay Thai professional players and ordinary people based on the ratios of finger length can provide important reference for the selection of Muay Thai athletes. 

Facing of mounting resource constraints and rising demands for personalization in medical education, regional anatomy teaching urgently requires transformation. In this paper, we focus on the regional anatomy of the thoracic wall, in order to explore a novel AI-driven teaching paradigm. Anchored in the core principle of “virtual-real integration with cadaveric dissection as the cornerstone,” the paradigm redefines educational objective  and constructs an intelligent, closed-loop teaching model integrating students, computers, and instructors. Leveraging the robust support of digital intelligence (e.g. , DeepSeek), this paradigm incorporates interactive method including group collaboration, branching instruction, and gamified assessments. It achieves a comprehensive intelligent transformation of the entire teaching process—from goal setting and plan customization to activity implementation, task completion, outcome exchange, multidimensional evaluation, and reflective iteration. This new paradigm centers on medical students and leverages digital intelligence to activate deep personalized learning potential. It seamlessly integrates fundamental anatomical knowledge with clinical scenarios (e.g. , key anatomy in breast cancer surgery, flap design in breast reconstruction), and significantly enhances clinical decision-making abilities, scientific research and innovative thinking, as well as medical humanistic literacy, paving a new path for intelligent medical education.

Objective To explore the integration value of mobile virtual reality devices in the classroom teaching of human anatomy, and to evaluate their potential impact on the in-depth construction of human anatomy knowledge, the cultivation of spatial cognitive ability, and the transformation of teaching paradigms from the perspectives of cognitive load theory and situated learning.   Methods The undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine in Peking University were selected as the research objects. Among them, students in grade 2019 were the control group, and students in grade 2022 were the experimental group, introducing movable virtual anatomy equipment and other teaching auxiliary method  in theory and practice courses. The final exam scores of the two groups of students were compared, and a questionnaire survey was conducted for the experimental group after the course, and the survey result  were statistically analyzed.   Results The final examination result  showed that the average score of the experimental group was 82.47±10.19, and the average score of the control group was 74.82±16.56, which was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, with statistical significance (P<0.05). The questionnaire survey result  showed that compared with traditional classroom teaching, 94.62% of students preferred the new auxiliary teaching mode such as VR, 96.77% of students believed that VR assisted teaching could achieve the traditional teaching effect or better, 95.7% of them think that it improved students’ interest in learning human anatomy, and 98.92% thought that it improved students’ knowledge of anatomy.    Conclusion  The application of mobile virtual reality devices in anatomy classroom teaching provides immersive and interactive 3D visualization teaching scenarios, effectively reducing students’ cognitive load on abstract and complex anatomical structures, promoting spatial understanding and knowledge internalization, significantly improving teaching effectiveness and self-learning ability, thus changing the traditional anatomy teaching mode and laying a solid foundation for the development of future medical education and the cultivation of medical talents. 

Objective To explore the effectiveness of drawing-based method  in medical courses and their impact on students’ learning habits, academic performance, and comprehensive competencies, in order to meet the demand for high-quality, interdisciplinary, and innovative talent, and provide theoretical support for integrating aesthetic education into medical training.   Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among medical students(n=310) at Dalian Medical University, covering the frequency of using drawing method  and their effects on learning outcomes, innovation ability, and humanistic qualities. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test (P<0.05).   Results Totally 93.6% of students approved of using drawing method  for learning medical courses, with 70.8% having developed a habit of drawing-based learning. Students with stronger drawing skills were more inclined to use drawing method and supported their application in teaching. The frequency of drawing-based learning was positively correlated with anatomy scores (P<0.05). Students generally agreed that drawing method enhanced knowledge comprehension, learning interest, long-term memory, innovation ability, critical thinking, and humanistic qualities. However, students with weaker drawing skills perceived drawing method as potentially increasing learning burdens and being less efficient, but this perception significantly decreased with increased drawing frequency (P<0.05).    Conclusion Drawing methods are widely used in medical courses and effectively improve learning outcomes and comprehensive competencies. Drawing proficiency and frequency are key factors influencing students’acceptance and learning effectiveness. Future efforts should focus on promoting drawing method, strengthening students’ drawing skills, and optimizing learning processes to deepen the integration of aesthetic education in medical training. 

Bone metastasis is a pathological condition in which malignant tumors originating from non-osseous tissues disseminate to bone tissue via the bloodstream, lymphatic system, or direct infiltration,  inducing  bone destruction and severe pain. This condition disrupts normal bone metabolism and triggers various skeletal-related events (SREs), thereby significantly impairing patients’ quality of life. Current therapeutic strategies for bone metastasis include surgical intervention, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Among these, bone-targeted therapy has shown promising potential in managing bone metastasis. Recent advancements have highlighted osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the primary regulators of bone remodeling, as critical therapeutic targets. Consequently, several bone-targeted drugs have been developed. These agents not only substantially reduce the incidence of SREs but also markedly enhance patients’quality of life and clinical outcomes. In this review, we elucidate the mechanisms of drug action targeting osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and propose potential directions for future research in bone-targeted therapy. 

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental pollutant commonly found in plastic products and has toxic effects on female reproductive system. DEHP can interfere with the synthesis of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol through female hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, aggravate insulin resistance and obesity by affecting glucose and lipid metabolism, and cause ovarian damage through inducing oxidative stress, excessive autophagy and pyroptosis of oocyte or granulosa cells. It can also alter epigenetic genes relating to follicular development and prevent follicles from mature. These factors are closely contribute to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. We systematically summarizes the mechanism of DEHP interfering with ovarian function and inducing polycystic ovary syndrome, in order to provide help for the prevention and treatment of female reproductive injury from environmental pollutant.