Objective To investigate the biocompatibility of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) of mice EM>in vitro/EM> with silk fibroin materials and to explore a novel scaffold material to fabricate tissue-engineered nerve with introduction of BMSCs. Methods BMSCs were typically isolated from other cells by adherence to plastic. The mice-derived bone marrow stromal cells were cultured on the substrate of silk fibroin fibers and the cell attachment and growth during culture was observed by using light and electron microscopy. Mice-derived BMSCs were also cultured in the silk fibroin extract fluid. The cell ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. MTT test was used to detect cell viability in different media for 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days respectively (the test was repeated 12 times for each group). Flow cytometry was employed to detect BMSCs cell cycle and phenotypes (the test was repeated 3 times). Results BMSCs cells were tightly attached to the silk fibroin fibers and grew along the silk fibroin fibers; some of them enwrapped the silk fibroin fibers and they exhibited either a spherical or spindle shape. The results of transmission electron microscopy, MTT test and flow cytometry analysis showed that there was no significant difference between BMSCs cultured in the silk fibroin extract fluid and those in plain IMDM medium in their morphology, cell viability, proliferation and phenotypes.Conclusion These data indicate that silk fibroin has good biocompatibility with BMSCs and is also beneficial to the survival of BMSCs without exerting any significant cytotoxic effects on their phenotype; thus it’s a potential scaffold material to fabricate tissue-engineered nerve with introductio