Objective  To analyze the donated brain samples received by the Xiangya Brain Bank of Central South University, and further establish a systematic mechanism for tissue acquisition, sample preservation, pathological diagnosis, and global sharing, in order to promote the construction of the Chinese brain bank, and provide key support for neuroscience and neurological disease research.  Methods  Based on the body donation program in Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University, we collected and analyzed 373 postmortem human brains from 2016 to 2025, with neuropathological assessments performed according to international and domestic diagnostic protocols.  Results  Donors spanned a broad age range, from infancy to advanced old age. The annual number of brain donations exhibited an overall upward trend, accompanied by a progressive reduction in postmortem delay and generally well-preserved RNA quality. Systematic neuropathological evaluation revealed that the cohort was predominantly composed of cases with Alzheimer’s disease neuropathological change (ADNC) and primary age-related tauopathy (PART), characterized by typical intermediate-stage pathological features and a distinct age-dependent distribution, respectively.   Conclusion  Xiangya Brain Bank is a key part of China’s human brain resource network and has supported neuroanatomical, neuropathological and translational research across the nation. With continuous efforts in standardized histological processing, resource sharing, and international collaboration, human brain banking will become a firmer cornerstone for basic, translational and clinical neuroscience in China.