Objective To investigate the expression of myelin transcription factor 1-like (MYT1L) during amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression and its association with neuronal degeneration through bioinformatics analysis combined with in vivo and in vitro experiments.   Methods Bioinformatics analysis of the GSE106803 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database revealed significant down-regulation of MYT1L in spinal cords of ALS transgenic mice carrying the human superoxide dismutase 1 mutant gene (hSOD1G93A) compared to the wild-type (WT) mice. hSOD1G93A transgenic mice and their WT littermates were selected to analyze MYT1L mRNA and protein changes in spinal cord tissues at different disease stages using Real-time PCR and Western blotting. Double immunofluorescent staining was used to determine the distribution and cellular localization of MYT1L in the spinal cord of mice at the middle stage of the disease. An ALS cellular model was established using hSOD1G93A mutant NSC34 cells, with hSOD1WT NSC34 cells as controls. MYT1L expression and distribution were assessed in these cells via Real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. Based on the GSE76220 dataset from the GEO database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MYT1L high -and low-expression groups in lumbar spinal motor neurons of ALS patients were identified, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis. MYT1L overexpression was induced in the ALS cellular model to evaluate alterations in cell viability and neurite outgrowth.   Results In the GSE106803 dataset, MYT1L expression was significantly down-regulated in the spinal cord of ALS mice. Animal experiments confirmed progressive reductions in MYT1L mRNA and protein levels in spinal cord tissues of ALS mice during mid- and late-disease stages. Compared to the WT group, MYT1L expression decreased in motor neurons of the lumbar spinal cord gray matter anterior horn in ALS mice, while it increased in astrocytes. In vitro, hSOD1G93Amutant NSC34 cells exhibited significantly reduced MYT1L expression than controls, with MYT1L localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. DEGs between MYT1L high-and low-expression groups in lumbar spinal cord motor neurons of ALS patients (GSE76220 dataset) were enriched in synaptic-related functions through GO analysis. Overexpression of MYT1L in hSOD1G93A mutant NSC34 cells enhanced cell viability and promoted neurite outgrowth.    Conclusion Aberrantly low expression of MYT1L is closely associated with ALS pathogenesis. Overexpression of MYT1L promotes neurite growth and exerts protective effects on ALS motor neurons, suggesting its therapeutic potential.