P>Objective To investigate the biocompatilility of human acellular amniotic membrane (HAM) with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and to explore the possibility to construct tissue engineering bladder with HAM as the scaffold and VSMCs as the seed cells. Methods After physical and 1% trypsogen preparation, the HAM was mixed with VSMCs taken from rats for culture in vitro. Histological obserbation was done under inverted microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. 20 rats were divided into two groups. Hemicystectomies were performed in 20 rats, and 10 of them were repaired with HAM grafts with VSMCs on the half bladder, the other 10 were repaired with HAM grafts without VSMCs as the control group. The rats underwent postoperative assessment of bladder volume at the 2nd,4th and 8th weeks, and the grafts were observed by light microscope at the 2nd,4th and 8th weeks after surgery. Results The physical and 1% trypsogen treated HAM was pure with hollows and undamaged collagen fibers. The VSMCs could grow, adhere to and differentiate on the surface of HAM and into the hollows. At the 2nd,4th and 8th weeks after surgery, the bladder volumes of the experimental group were not different significantly compared with those of the control group. Epithelialization and smooth muscle cells regeneration occurred with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the 2nd week after grafting, and the HAM were absorbed. In the 4th and 8th weeks, it was difficult to delineate the junction between the host bladder and grafts by histology.Conclusion HAM can be used as the scaffold to construct tissue engineering bladder as it has good biocompatibility with VSMCs without disturbing the cell form and the graft can be absorbed quickly./P>