Objective To study the adhesion and proliferation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) on the HA/TCP bone graft scaffold. Methods BMSCs were harvested from the iliac bone and obtained by using adhesive culture method. BMSCs were induced with osteogenic medium, at the 7th day, the cells were stained by the calcium cobalt method to show the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). At the 10th day, the mineralized nodules of osteoblasts stained with chinalizarin. Otherwise BMSCs were induced with adipogenic medium,and at the 21st day the cells stained with oil red O. We cultured the BMSCs on the surface of a matrix scaffold with osteogenic medium. The morphologic characters were checked by light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy, and the proliferation of BMSCs were assayed using the MTT test. Results At the 7th day after osteoblastic induction, ALP was strongly positive, and at the 10th day, mineralized nodules stained with chinalizarin were jacinth. At the 21th day after adipogenic induction, the adipocytes were stained with oil red O. BMSCs grew well around or in pores of the HA/TCP bone graft scaffold and could be seen using both fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The MTT test assay showed that the HA/TCP couldn’t inhibit the proliferation of BMSCs. Conclusion BMSCs have a good biocompatibility with a HA/TCP bone graft scaffold.