目的  通过对中南大学湘雅人脑组织库（简称脑库）接收的捐献脑组织样本进行分析，进一步建立系统化的组织获取、样本保存、病理诊断和全球共享机制，促进中国脑库建设，为脑科学和神经疾病研究提供关键支撑。 方法  依托中南大学湘雅医学院人脑组织库，对2016~2025年间收集的373例死后人脑进行整理与分析，涵盖人口学特征及质量控制措施，并依据国际与国内标准开展神经病理学评估。 结果  捐献者覆盖婴儿至老年人。捐献量总体呈上升趋势，样本死亡后延误时间持续缩短，RNA质量整体良好。系统神经病理学评估显示，样本以阿尔茨海默病神经病理改变（ADNC）和原发性年龄相关tau蛋白病（PART）为主，分别呈现典型的中期病理特征和显著的年龄相关分布特征。 结论  湘雅脑库已成为我国人脑组织资源网络的重要平台，在全国范围内支持了神经解剖学、神经病理学和影像学示踪剂转换医学研究。通过加强标准化取材与管理、资源共享与课题合作，脑库建设将为中国脑科学发展和神经疾病防治提供更加坚实的基础。

 Objective  To analyze the donated brain samples received by the Xiangya Brain Bank of Central South University, and further establish a systematic mechanism for tissue acquisition, sample preservation, pathological diagnosis, and global sharing, in order to promote the construction of the Chinese brain bank, and provide key support for neuroscience and neurological disease research.  Methods  Based on the body donation program in Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University, we collected and analyzed 373 postmortem human brains from 2016 to 2025, with neuropathological assessments performed according to international and domestic diagnostic protocols.  Results  Donors spanned a broad age range, from infancy to advanced old age. The annual number of brain donations exhibited an overall upward trend, accompanied by a progressive reduction in postmortem delay and generally well-preserved RNA quality. Systematic neuropathological evaluation revealed that the cohort was predominantly composed of cases with Alzheimer’s disease neuropathological change (ADNC) and primary age-related tauopathy (PART), characterized by typical intermediate-stage pathological features and a distinct age-dependent distribution, respectively.   Conclusion  Xiangya Brain Bank is a key part of China’s human brain resource network and has supported neuroanatomical, neuropathological and translational research across the nation. With continuous efforts in standardized histological processing, resource sharing, and international collaboration, human brain banking will become a firmer cornerstone for basic, translational and clinical neuroscience in China.