目的  观察运动干预对雌性自然衰老大鼠脑髓鞘、胶质细胞活化及认知障碍的改善作用。 方法  选取3月龄和16月龄大鼠分别作为青年对照组（YC）和老年对照组（OC）, 每组6只。老年运动组（OE）6只大鼠在3~16月龄进行运动干预。新物体识别测试和Y迷宫用于测试大鼠的学习记忆水平。免疫荧光检测各组大鼠脑组织髓鞘、少突胶质细胞（ODG）标志物的表达水平及小胶质细胞（MG）和星形胶质细胞（AS）的激活状态。Western blotting检测髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）表达水平。 结果  自然衰老大鼠呈现出明显的学习记忆障碍，而运动干预可有效改善自然衰老大鼠的学习记忆障碍。OC组大鼠海马CA3区和胼胝体的MBP免疫荧光强度、CA3区MBP蛋白水平显著低于YC组大鼠，而海马CA1、CA3和前额叶皮层的MG和AS的激活水平显著高于YC组大鼠。运动干预可有效提高老年大鼠海马CA3区和胼胝体的MBP免疫荧光强度、CA3区MBP蛋白水平，并降低海马CA1、CA3和前额叶皮层的MG和AS的激活水平。但YC组、OC和OE组大鼠脑组织ODG差异无显著性。 结论  运动干预可有效减少髓鞘丢失，并降低MG和AS激活状态，可能是有氧运动改善自然衰老大鼠学习记忆障碍的机制之一。

Objective  To investigate the protective effects of aerobic exercise on the myelin sheath, glial cells, and cognitive decline in naturally aging female rats.  Methods  Three-month-old and 16-month-old rats were selected as the young control group (YC, n=6) and the old control group (OC, n=6), respectively. The old exercise group (OE, n=6) underwent an exercise intervention from 3 to 16 months of age. The novel object recognition test and the Y-maze were used to assess the learning and memory abilities of rats. Immunofluorescent staining measured the levels of myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes(OGD) in the brain tissue of each group, as well as the activation status of microglia(MG) and astrocytes(AS). Western blotting was employed to detect the expression level of the myelin basic protein(MBP) protein.  Results  Naturally aging rats exhibited significant impairments in learning and memory, which could be effectively ameliorated through exercise intervention. The myelin sheath levels in the hippocampal CA3 region and corpus callosum, the MBP levels in the CA3 of aged control rats were significantly lower than those in the young control rats. In contrast, the activation levels of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampal CA1, CA3, and prefrontal cortex were significantly higher than those in the young controls. Exercise intervention effectively increased myelin levels in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and the corpus callosum, the MBP levels in the CA3 of aged rats, while reducing the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the CA1, CA3, and prefrontal cortex regions of the hippocampus. However, there were no significant differences in oligodendrocyte levels among the young control, old control, and old exercise groups.   Conclusion  Exercise intervention can effectively reduce myelin loss and decrease the activation of microglia and astrocytes. This may be one of the mechanisms by which aerobic exercise improves learning and memory impairments in naturally aging rats.