目的 建立极端高原低压低氧环境急性暴露模型，探讨与大鼠学习记忆损伤相关的转录组学的变化。 方法 选取6周龄、200~250 g健康雄性SD大鼠，分为对照组和高原组。对照组经常压常氧处理（19只），高原组置于低压低氧舱内（19只），模拟8000米海拔高度，处理72 h。每组取16只，利用场景恐惧和Morris水迷宫实验（各8只）检测行为学变化。每组取3只，全部海马组织提取RNA行转录组学测序，通过基因本体论（GO）、京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）和基因集富集分析（GSEA）分析极端高原环境诱导学习记忆损伤的分子机制。 结果 行为学结果显示，与对照组相比，高原组大鼠恐惧记忆和空间学习记忆能力下降。GO和KEGG分析显示，极端高原环境重塑海马组织微环境，影响细胞间信号传递，GSEA显示，极端高原环境上调与质膜和细胞外基质相关的基因集。 结论 8000米海拔的极端高原环境通过影响大鼠海马组织微环境，破坏细胞间连接，损害细胞间通讯，进而诱导学习记忆功能损伤。

Objective To establish an acute exposure model of extreme plateau hypobaric hypoxia environment and explore transcriptomic changes related to learning and memory impairment in rats.  Methods Healthy male SD rats aged 6-weeks, 200-250 g, were selected and divided into control group and plateau group. The control group was treated with normal pressure and oxygen (19 rats), and the plateau group was placed in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber (19 rats) at a simulated altitude of 8000 meters and treated for 72 hours. Behavioral changes were detected with 16 animals from each group using contextual fear conditioning and Morris water maze (8 rats each). Three hippocampal tissues were extracted from each group for transcriptomic sequencing, and the molecular mechanism of learning and memory impairment induced by extreme plateau environment was analyzed by Gene Ontology(GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) and gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA) enrichment.  Results The behavioral result  showed that compared with the control group, the fear memory and spatial learning memory abilities of rats in plateau group were decreased. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the extreme altitude environment reshaped the hippocampal microenvironment and affected the intercellular signal transmission, while GSEA analysis showed that the extreme altitude environment up-regulated the gene set related to the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix.  Conclusion The extreme plateau environment at an altitude of 8000 meters could affect the microenvironment of rat hippocampus, destroy intercellular connections and impair intercellular communication and then induce learning and memory impairment.