少突胶质细胞是髓鞘形成和髓鞘再生的重要细胞储备。近年研究发现，中枢神经系统中除了小胶质细胞等免疫细胞外，少突胶质细胞也能主动参与免疫反应。在一系列生理或病理因素的刺激下，少突胶质细胞系的幼稚细胞——少突胶质前体细胞能表达一系列受体、信号分子、调节分子等，从而在免疫激活，募集外周免疫细胞，调节血-脑脊液屏障（BCB）等事件的初始阶段发挥重要作用。此外，近期研究发现，少突胶质前体细胞在疾病背景下能转变成特有的细胞状态，并可表达通常只由免疫细胞表达的基因。这些研究结果提示，若能有效调控少突胶质前体细胞的激活，或能为神经炎症或神经血管类疾病提供新的治疗途径。 

 Oligodendroglial lineage cells (OLGs) are important cell reserves for myelination and remyelination. Recent studies of central nervous system (CNS) indicated that besides traditional CNS immune cells like microglia, primitive cells of oligodendroglial lineage, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can also actively participate immune responses. Simulated by physiological or pathological factors, OPCs can express a series of receptors，signaling and/or regulatory molecules et al, in this way，OPCs can play a critical role in both development and maintenance of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB), and most essentially, in initial stage for recruitment of peripheral immune cells and initial immune activation. Besides, in neurological disorders, recent research has revealed that OPCs can transform to disease-specific cell states, characterized by activation of immune cell exclusive genes. These findings may provide the basis for a new insight into the therapeutic strategy of neuron disorders and neurovascular diseases by effectively regulating OPCs.