目的　探讨中国现代人群的体质类型及地理环境因素对人群体质的影响。 　方法　选取中国134例现代人群中的14项头面部测量指标进行主成分聚类分析，同时分析上述指标与8项地理环境因素间的线性关系。 　结果　依据头面部测量指标可将中国现代人群分为南方组和北方组两个类群，其中北方组中汉族与其他少数民族混合聚类，而南方组中汉族和少数民族各自聚类而后汇聚一起。多数头面部测量性状与地理环境因素（平均风速除外）成中等程度或低度线性相关。其中容貌耳长和容貌耳宽与温度成中等程度负相关，表明艾伦法则可能并不适用于现代人耳部。 　结论　中国现代人群的南北体质差异可能源于气候驱动的适应性变化，以中国南北地理气候分界带（秦岭－淮河）作为分界线更为适宜。

Objective　To review the physical characteristics in modern Chinese populations, and to exploring the relationships between physical traits and the geoenvironmental factors. 　Methods　This paper took the principal component and cluster analysis of the craniofacial physical characters of 134 populations in China (65 Han nationalities, 59 minority nationalities and 10 unidentified populations) with 15 measurements. We also focused the linear relationship between the craniofacial measurements and 8 geo-environmental factors. 　Results　The physical characteristics of Modern Chinese was divided into the northern and southern groups: North Han was close to north minority nationalities; Han nationalities were close to each other in southern region, as well as the minority nationalities. In addition, the physiognomic ear length and physiognomic ear breadth decreased when the annual mean temperature increases, which was not consistent with Allen’s rule. 　Conclusion　The differentiation of northern and southern Chinese population is a result of the physical adaptation which may be caused by the selective pressures under different regional environments. And the north-south demarcation zone (Qinling mountain—Huaihe river) can be considered as the most suitable boundary between the southern and northern Chinese.