目的 探讨小鼠视网膜神经免疫系统中小胶质细胞和血视网膜屏障（BRB）的发育过程，及视网膜神经免疫系统的组织发生。方法 选取不同年龄点的昆明小鼠各5～10只，应用免疫荧光染色、DiI散射标记、明胶墨汁灌注和透射电子显微镜技术，对视网膜上小胶质细胞和BRB的发育进行研究。 结果 在孕10 d（E10）时，视网膜上就已经出现了小胶质细胞，并且均匀分布于整个视网膜，随着发育小胶质细胞的形态由阿米巴样变成分支状。出生后小胶质细胞数量不断增多，在出生5 d（P5）时达到最大值，之后细胞数量有所下降，P30后趋于稳定。视网膜上血管的发生是在出生后由视乳头开始呈辐射状向四周扩散的，在P10左右浅层血管网覆盖整个视网膜，之后不断向下延伸形成深层血管网。随着年龄增长，血管体密度呈下降趋势。BRB在P30时发育成熟，主要由管腔光滑的内皮细胞、厚度均一的基底膜、薄层星形胶质细胞的终足和周细胞构成。 结论 小胶质细胞随着发育变得更加成熟，数量变化呈抛物线状；P30时，BRB的各个组成部分已发育完善，各结构之间关系密切。视网膜神经免疫系统的重要组成部分——小胶质细胞和BRB，具有一定的抗感染能力，能够有效地抵抗病原菌的感染。

Objective To investigate the histogenesis of neuroimmune system, such as microglia and blood retinal barrier (BRB), in the mouse retina. Methods Immunofluorescent staining, DiI diotistic assays, gelatin-ink perfusion and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to visualize the structures of retinal microglia and BRB of Kunming mice at various ages (n=5-10). Results At as early as embryonic day 10(E10), the microglia distributed over retina evenly. With development, the microglia changed from an amoeba-like shape to a star-like shape with many processes. The number of microglia increased after the birth and reached their plateau at postnatal day 5 (P5), then felled down after P30. After birth, the retinal vasculature developed from the optic disk, and grew out to entire retina at P10. As age increasing, the volume density of vasculature was declined. The blood retinal barriers appeared as early as at P0. At P30, they became mature, consisting of endothelial cell, basal membrane, pericyte and the terminal feet of astrocytes. Conclusion As retinal development, microglia become more and more mature, and their number changed with parabolic model. At P30, the BRB have been developed maturely in the structures with endothelial cell, basal membrane, pericyte and the terminal feet of astrocytes. The microglia and BRB are involved in anti-infection and resistance to various pathogens.