目的 分析全新世人群下颌骨若干测量性状及性别差异率的时代间变化。方法  以中国考古遗址520例下颌骨为研究材料，用SPSS18.0软件进行同一时代内男女测量性状的比较，不同时代间测量性状、测量指数的比较（独立样本t检验），并计算了性别差异率、测量指数时代变化率。结果  不同时代男性颏孔、下颌孔横径的比较中，现代人群最大，而女性颏孔、下颌孔不同时代间差异不显著。相比新石器时代与青铜铁器时代，颏孔、下颌孔横径的性别差异率在现代人群中最大。截面周长比指数、颏孔垂直位置指数在不同时代间的大小关系都为：新石器>青铜铁器>现代。结论  相比新石器时代与青铜铁器时代，下颌骨大多测量性状在现代人群中的性别差异率最大。新石器时代以来，下颌第一磨牙（M₁）处的下颌体粗壮程度相对下颌第一前磨牙（P₃）处而言在降低，颏孔垂直位置在持续上升。

Objective   To analyze the time variation of gender size difference rates of human mandibles in Holocene, and to explore the change rates of the mandible sizes of males and females among different time periods. Methods  Using 520 mandibles from several archaeological sites in China, we used SPSS 18.0 to compare the metric traits between the male and female in the same and different time periods, by independent sample t test, and calculate the gender difference rates and the change rates among different time periods. Results  The sizes of male mental foramen and mandibular foramen in present mandibles were bigger than that in Neolithic and Bronze-Iron Age, while the difference of the female among different time periods was not significant. The gender difference rate of the size of mental foramen and mandibular foramen was bigger in present than that in Neolithic and Bronze-Iron Age. Conclusion  The gender difference rates in mandible are greater in recent population than that in Neolithic and Bronze-Iron age. The comparison of cross section perimeter ratio indicates that the robust of mandible body at mandibular first molar(M1) declines compared with that at mandibular first premolar(P3) in Holocene. The position of mental foramen became higher during Neolithic to present.